Calico and bay scallops are bivalve (two-shells) molluscs in the Pectinidae family and are similar in both anatomy and life history. Required fields are marked *. Sounds play an important role in detecting early signs of animal stress [27, 28]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Soc., 2nd Ann. 8 [no. The evolution of the Argopecten gibbus stock (Mollusca:Bivalvia) with emphasis on the tertiary and quarternary species of eastern North America. Reviso da famlia Pectinidae da Formao Pirabas (Mioceno inferior), com a descrio de novas espcies, Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique: Paris, Common marine bivalves of California: Calif. Dept. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period (age range: from 70.6 to 0.0 million years ago). On the second day, the groups were fed the toxic diet (A. minutum). Royal d'Hist. Video presenting the four valve behaviours recorded in this study. During the exposure of P. maximus to H. triquetra (the control diet) and A. minutum (the toxic diet), the scallops remained open nearly all the time, which seemed to ensure continuous ventilation and constant inflow through the mantle cavity, interrupted by short closures and other movements, such as expulsion, displacement, or swimming. Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers, causing the traits to increase in frequency over generations. Pecten (Genus) Pecten gibbus (Species) Status unaccepted (misapplication) Accepted Name. Use some method to mark the exact location at a 200 m scale-bar resolution; maybe print out the map, or if you use, Examine the phylogenetic tree. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved Moreover, the acoustic characteristics of marine sites were previously reported to correlate with ecological properties and to be useful for monitoring environmental changes [4448]. Sound signals were detected manually. The graphs describing the number of swimming and displacement detected by passive acoustics were not presented since these behaviors were always detected with acoustics, and thus correspond exactly to those obtained with accelerometer. Mucrospirifer mucronatus, Devonian Period, 420-360 mya. Common Ancestors include: The Argo pecten Gibbus stock include the bay and scallops, Argo pecten irradians. Proof of ancient seas is, in part, from the marine fossils that accumulated with the bottom sediments. Thus far, accelerometry and passive acoustics do not seem to allow the detection of such concentrations in the water, but this approach should be continued to define the behavioural responses of P. maximus to A. minutum over a longer period of time and assess whether a response can be detected over time at a concentration of 10 000 cells L-1. The scallops were kept in three identical 120 L tanks (60 cm x 50 cm with a depth of 40 cm) for more space for each individual. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Importantly, sound interference may be caused by boats or water conditions (rushing currents, waves, high winds), which makes passive acoustics somewhat more difficult to use offshore. 2, Die versteinerungen Wrttembergs, oder naturgetreue abbildungen der in den vollstandigsten sammlungen (Les ptrifications de Wurtemberg). ARE,Europe. THE FORMATION, REGENERATION, AND TRANSPLANTATION OF EYES IN PECTEN (GIBBUS BOREALIS) EARL O. How fossil evidence supports the theory of evolution? Belgique Mm., ser. Age, Size, Lifespan: Argopecten gibbus reaches 40 to 60 mm (1.6 to 2.4 inches) shell height and approximately 80 mm (3.2 inches) in shell length. This study seeks to determine evolutionary relationships within the Argopecten gibbus stock by working back through the fossil record from a model of the morphological and ecological relationships of living species and subspecies. Genus ini dikenal dalam catatan fosil dari periode Cretaceous ke Periode Kuarter (rentang usia: dari 70,6 hingga 0,0 juta tahun yang lalu). Calico scallops that settle in the spring generally reach a size of 30 to 35 millimeters in shell height by the following fall and are fully able to reproduce. Pecten (Fig. Can Subclass Override The Static Methods Of Superclass? It belongs to the Animalia Kingdom in the Bivalvia Class. During the Pleistocene, A. nucleus, a tropical bay scallop, is inferred to have split from A. gibbus and to have become morphologically convergent on the true bay scallop, A. irradians. The living Pacific A. circularis is morphologically primitive in that it resembles the Miocene species A. comparilis more than it does any of the later species on the eastern side of the Americas and is ecologically primitive in that it is broadly adapted and able to live both in bays and sounds and in open marine waters. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 16. vii + 277. Age, Size, Lifespan: Argopecten gibbus reaches 40 to 60 mm (1.6 to 2.4 inches) shell height and approximately 80 mm (3.2 inches) in shell length. This study highlighted that both swimming and displacement events were always detectable in acoustic recordings, unlike closures and expulsions that were the behaviors significantly different from the control at high concentrations. 9, Scallops and the offshore fishery of the Maritimes, Bemerkungen ber die im kaiserlich zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen original-exemplare zu Ign. It would also be very interesting and valuable to assess the threshold concentration above which significant responses can be detected with passive acoustics. In this context, we recommend using these values in relative terms to compare sound production between behaviour types. Although closely related to larger bay scallops, calico scallops ( Argopecten gibbus) live in deeper, offshore waters along the east and west coasts of Florida. Once you have your total number of ridges, divide the number by 365. However, a precise description of the valve activity of this major commercial species in response to a harmful algal bloom has yet to be proposed. This is one of the largest families of living bivalves. I of Cenozoic Muricidae of the western Atlantic region, Chicoreus (Phyllonotus), part III of Cenozoic Muricidae of the Western Atlantic region, Genera of the Bivalvia: A systematic and bibliographic catalogue, Two FORTRAN II programs for the univariate and bivariate analysis of morphometric data, Paleontology of the marine Tertiary formations of Oregon and Washington, Late Cenozoic pelecypods from northern Venezuela, The calico scallop community in North Carolina, The edible clams, mussels and scallops of California, Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene formations of New Jersey, The evolution of the swimming habit in the Lamellibranchia, Mus. Two members of the scallop genus Pecten (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) occur in European waters. Has data issue: true No Access. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential for acoustics and sound production changes in the detection of harmful algal blooms. Acad. Some marine invertebrate species are sound-producers (incidentally or not), and can be recorded and studied [26]. Unfortunately, sound production has been neglected in marine ecological investigations until recent years. What is related to Pecten Gibbus? Survey Prof. Paper 47, Microtextural variation in pelecypod shells, Search for the past, an introduction to paleontology, A report upon the scallop fishery of Massachusetts, including the habits, life history of, Upper Tertiary Arcacea of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain, Skr. Alexandrium minutum is particularly well established in marine European coastal waters [1, 4]. The hydrophones were suspended at the centre of the tank 13 cm above the silicone plate. The RL, which corresponded to the sound intensity, was calculated in the time window equal to signal selection, and duration was obtained along the frequency and time axes of the set of pixels comprising the signal selection. In the "TertiaryFauna of Florida" (Dall, 1898), on the ground of integradation with the Jamaican scallop which Linnreus described as Ostrea gibba, he employs the name Pecten gibbus Linne with irradians as a subspecies. Scallops have a tender, buttery texture similar to that of crab and lobster. At least one other species, Argopecten circularis, is commonly called a calico scallop and is harvested in the Republic of Panama. Notes, Neogene biostratigraphy of the Charlotte Harbor area in southwestern Florida, Paleoecology of the Choctawhatchee deposits (late Miocene) at Alum Bluff, Florida, The Waccamaw formation (Pliocene?) Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The four valve movement types were represented by short spikes and perceived by the human ears as shorts cracks. Analyses of the number of movements, the number of expulsions, and the number of closures exhibited by scallops over different time intervals (10 min, 15 min, 30 min) over the two hour period showed a stable activity over time in the presence of both algae at the three concentrations (S1 Fig). 22 December 2017. Burrowing in bivalves involves foot,shell and siphons. View all Google Scholar citations Biodiversity. Description. 38], Contribution to the study of the Miocene of the Florida panhandle, Summary of the geology of Florida and a guidebook to the classic exposures, Geology of the coastal plain of North Carolina, Museum Boltenianum pars secunda, continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia: Hamburgi, Le genre Chlamys dans les formations Nogenes de l'Europe, The poeciliid fishes (Cyprindontiformes), their structure, zoogeography, and systematics, The Atlantic and Gulf coast Tertiary Pectinidae of the United States [pt. Rept. On the first day of the experiment, each group was fed the control diet (H. triquetra) at the specified concentration. Philadelphia Proc., 3rd ser. We are grateful to the chair Chorus for the utilisation of the tanks. Texas A&M Press, Colleg. After a two-week pelagic (open water) larval phase the juvenile scallops, commonly called spat, settle out of the water and attach to hard surfaces, usually older calico scallop shells. Even though specific experiments in the field are still required to test the acoustic assumptions, the present work clearly highlights that changes in the acoustics of P. maximus valve movement have the potential to be utilized in a powerful, non-intrusive method of monitoring the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. The x-axis of the data logger measured sway, the y-axis surge, and the z-axis heave [36]. The valve activity of P. maximus was different when exposed to high concentrations (500 000 cells L-1) of A. minutum compared to the non-toxic dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra; the number of valve movements increased, especially closure and expulsion, which were detected acoustically. Aurlie Jolivet, What are Bay Sea and calico varieties of? During its lifetime, a calico scallop will usually reproduce three to four times. During the recording sessions, there was no seawater exchange in the tanks in order to avoid additional noise. They range from 70.6 to0.0 years old. Some, like scallops, lie on the surface but others burrow beneath it, where they have some protection from predators. Activities Complete the following activities: 1. While bay scallop shells are solid in color, the upper shell of a calico scallop is a patchwork of red and pink. Fisheries Tech. A number of dinoflagellate species, including those of the genus Alexandrium, produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, which can be an important source of marine toxins accumulated by bivalves. The hydrophones were connected to an EA-SDA14 compact autonomous recorder (RTSys). This will tell you about how long (in years) that the seashell was with the mollusk before it either died or abandoned its shell. 06.03 Origin and Evolution of Life: Pecten Gibbus list its physical characteristics 1. The acceleration data were processed using the FullDBA and BeFeatures packages within BEnergetix in the free R software [25]. Its ribbed, multicolored shells are often found on beaches throughout the lower Bay. Google Scholar. Mus. Ostrea gibba Linnaeus, 1758. K. Danske Vidensk. Briefly, an approximation of absolute acceleration resulting only from dynamic acceleration in each of the three dimensions was extracted from each axis after removing the static acceleration using a running mean of 3 s [36]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160935, Editor: Hans G. Dam, University of Connecticut, UNITED STATES, Received: April 12, 2016; Accepted: July 27, 2016; Published: August 10, 2016. The hydrophones were suspended 15 cm above the bottom of each tank and linked to the acoustic recorder. While bay scallop shells are solid in color, the upper shell of a calico scallop is a patchwork of red and pink. 1940, Evolutionary processes and taxonomy with special reference to grades, Biometrical methods in the study of invertebrate fossils, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, adapted by the XV International Congress of Zoology, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda. The bay scallop is a bivalve that lives in the lower Chesapeake Bays salty, shallow waters. To identify the relationship between accelerometer and acoustic data, recordings were played simultaneously. Previous studies have shown that bivalve responses to A. minutum are different than behavioural responses to trace metals, which they react to by closing their shells [4951], to oxygen deficit, to which they increase the duration of valve gape [52], or to temperature variations [53]. 2, The function of zigzag de-flexions in the commissures of fossil brachiopods. Laurent Chauvaud, Affiliation: 1. Thus, the two last behaviours appeared to be 25% less intense than swimming and displacement. A 4 row table. Copyright: 2016 Coquereau et al. Where did they live? } The Aviculidae and their allies, Pectinidae of the Eastern Pacific by Gilbert Grau [a review], Brackish-water and marine assemblages of the Texas coast, with special reference to mollusks, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertbres, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae editio decima, reformata, Miocene gastropods and scaphopods of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida, Miocene pelecypods of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida, Pliocene fossils from limestone in southern Florida, New Miocene gastropods and scaphopods from Alaqua Creek Valley, Florida, Stratigraphic significance of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene Pectinidae in the southeastern United States, Notes on the upper Tertiary and Pleistocene mollusks of Peninsular Florida, Recherches sur la morphologie, l'histologie et la physiologie compares des muscles adducteurs des mollusques acphales, Sur quelques proprits spciales des muscles adducteurs des mollusques acphales en rapport avec leur disposition et leur structure, Mus. See text. V, Tellinacea, Solenacea, Mactracea, Myacea, Molluscoidea, p. 185249 (1928); 142-F, Pt. Measurements of valve activity require capturing and equipping organisms with measuring devices (i.e., valvometer or accelerometer [19, 25]), which can potentially affect their behaviour. (Tahitian strain) T-iso culture, a common aquaculture feed. We also thank the IUEM diving team for scallop sampling. p. 4: 2008: Argopecten gibbus Hendy et al. (1836). ), Gulf of MexicoOrigins, Waters, and Biota. Changes in the valve behaviours of P. maximus under short-term A. minutum exposure in the laboratory suggested that this bivalve species is sensitive to the alga at high concentrations and could be valuable as an indicator species for the early detection of harmful algal blooms. 1975. However, this significant increase was not observed with acoustic data (Welchs ANOVA test, p = 0.58, Fig 4B2). . Sci. what are the total times for these periods, only do total time not all Time Span Scale Total Time Hadean Eon (Precambrian Time) 4.6 bya - 3.8 bya 460 cm - 380 cm . VI of Contribuio paleontologia do estado do Par. Like bay scallops, calico scallops are hermaphrodites (possessing male and female organs) and broadcast spawners, meaning fertilization occurs outside the animal in the water column. The answer to can you eat raw scallops is emphatically, 100 percent yes. 620 S. Meridian St. Tallahassee, FL (850) 488-4676 These which operate in sequence to bring about downward movement. Pecten maximus is largely an Atlantic species whilst Pecten jacobaeus is almost completely confined to Mediterranean waters despite slight overlap of distributions in the western Mediterranean. IV, Veneracea, p. 151184 (1926); 142-E, Pt. The King Scallop (Pecten maximus) is the second most valuable shellfish species landed in Scotland after Nephrops, valued around 23 million in 2015. 1952, Catalogue of marine Mollusca added to the fauna of New England during the past ten years, A study of the family Pectinidae, with a revision of the genera and subgenera, Murex, sensu stricto, pt. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-rscnt We thank Cline Liret, Dominique Barthlmy, Sbastien Delaporte, Marie-Pierre Pelecq, and the aquariology staff of the public aquarium Ocanopolis in Brest for their technical support. Nat. Feature Flags: { The largest bloom caused by this species was documented in the bay of Brest in the summer of 2012, with more than 4 x 107 cells L-1 [58]. Calico and bay scallops are bivalve (two-shells) molluscs in the Pectinidae family and are similar in both anatomy and life history. Differences between samples were studied and evaluated by means of morphometric data consisting of 70 measurements and form ratios of the outline, ligamenture, and musculature of each valve. 5 of, Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico: Am. As a non-intrusive and continuously deployable tool, passive acoustics could be an effective approach to detecting harmful algal blooms in real time based on animal sound production. Some morphological and ecological differences in two closely related species of scallops, Aequipecten irradians Lamarck and Aequipecten gibbus Dall from the Gulf of Mexico, Reproduction of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians Lamarck. Naturf. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. AN W , U SA FIRS/S114 Scallops V 3,3 Adult phase CONTENTS 2DISTRIBUTION7 2,1Total area7 2,2Differential distribution7 2,21Spawn, larvae and juveniles7 2,22 Adults* 2.3 Determinants of distribution changes8 2.4 Hybridization* 3BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY8 The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is natural selection. BUTCHER, E.O., The formation, regeneration, and transplantation of eyes in pecten (Gibbus borealis), BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 59: 154 (1930 . The Atlantic calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, is a species of medium-sized edible saltwater clam, specifically a scallop, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. For all exposure conditions, the order of behaviour type abundances were the same: closure > expulsion > displacement > swimming. Sound recordings (.wav files) were processed using Raven Pro 1.5 (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) and specific signal processing routines developed in Matlab. This is immediately followed by contraction of foot retractor muscles, pulling the bivalve downward towards the anchored foot. The right, or lower, valve is convex and slightly overlaps the flat left, or upper, valve, which is flat. Experimental setup for recording valve movements and sounds of. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. DOI: 10.2307/1536984 Corpus ID: 89548491; THE FORMATION, REGENERATION, AND TRANSPLANTATION OF EYES IN PECTEN (GIBBUS BOREALIS) @article{Butcher1930THEFR, title={THE FORMATION, REGENERATION, AND TRANSPLANTATION OF EYES IN PECTEN (GIBBUS BOREALIS)}, author={Earl O. The scallops natural sweetness is never on display so clearly as before its cooked. Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes, Science, 313, 5795, (1914-1918 . Mickevich, M. F. The species name Argopecten vicenarius (Conrad), unused since 1898, is reinstated as the only available name for an important taxon occurring in the Caloosahatchee Marl of Florida and the Waccamaw Formation of the Carolinas. All analyses were performed with R Studio 3.0.2 software. Calico scallops generally live in depths from 10 to 400 meters (30 to 1,200 feet) on sandy or shelled bottoms. Math. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Turgeon, D. D., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, W. K. Emerson, W. G. Lyons, W. Pratt, et al., 1988: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks. Pecten is a genus of large scallops or saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. In certain features of morphology, the A. gibbus lineage is convergent on the A. eboreus lineage, indicating that the extinct species may also have been restricted to open marine waters. As the accelerometer is glued to the upper (left/flat) valve of the scallop, pitch angle variations were used as a proxy of the angle of shell opening/closing and roll angle variations as a proxy of shell movement or rotation. e0160935. Influence of temperature on maturation and spawning, The development and external morphology of pelagic larval and post-larval stages of the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians concentricus Say, reared in the laboratory, An account of some of the marine shells of the United States, Catalogue of the type specimens of fossil invertebrates in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum, sec. 83, A population study of the Tasmanian commercial scallop, Notovola meridionalis (Tate) (Lamellibranchiata, Pectinidae). Argopecten gibbus Name Homonyms Pecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bibliographic References. Nat. When done quickly, this rapid reflex propels the scallops up off the bottom and to a new location on the seafloor. They swim by quickly opening and closing their shells, propelling themselves forward. The number of expulsion events detected by acoustics also significantly increased by a factor of 2 when exposed to A. minutum at 500 000 cells L-1 compared to the control diet H. triquetra (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.013, Fig 4B2). Comparison of Pecten maximus movements (expulsion, displacement, closure, and swimming) obtained with A) passive acoustics and B) accelerometry. 3, On some fossil and recent shells of the United States, Descriptions of a new genus, and of twenty-nine new Miocene, and one Eocene fossil shells of the United States. From these signals, we extracted two sound features following the methods described in [31]: received level (RL; in dB re 1 Pa root mean squared (rms)) and duration (T; s). Accelerometer data demonstrated that the expulsion number significantly increased with increasing A. minutum concentrations (Welchs ANOVA test, p = 0.003, Fig 4A2). Finally, accelerometer data showed that exposure to A. minutum caused changes in the opening amplitude of expulsion compare to exposure of H. triquetra at 500 000 cells L1 (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.03, Fig 4A4). How Do You Get Rid Of Hiccups In 5 Seconds. On the Pacific coast of North America, P. : a fossil consisting of a stony mass that entered a hollow natural object (such as a bivalve shell) in the form of mud or sediment, was consolidated, and remained as a cast after dissolution of the mold. Previous studies have highlighted the ability of Alexandrium blooms to impact the valve activity of oysters (Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea gigas), quahogs (Mercenaria mercenaria), and mussels (Perna viridis) [18, 22, 23]. Three of them were used to run experiments with scallops. Partie anatomique, Paleomagnetic stratigraphy and micropaleontology of three deep sea cores from the central North Atlantic Ocean, Biostratigraphy of Cenozoic Ostracoda from South Carolina, Kansas, Univ., Paleont. Marelli, Dan C. Render date: 2023-03-05T05:02:22.399Z Leptodus americanus, Permian Period, 300-250 mya . This method enables the collection of biological data over large spatio-temporal scales using hydrophones and has the valuable advantage of being applicable to mobile species and to not be limited in individual numbers. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. 711744 in Felder, D.L. Hlne Hgaret, To compare the effect of the concentration (for example comparison between high vs medium vs low concentrations of toxic algae for the total number of movements), a Welchs ANOVA test was applied. name. The shell of Pecten maximus is quite robust and is characterised by having ears of equal size on either side of the apex. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Collecting more than 10kg per person per day requires a permit. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants and other organisms from the past. Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 1974. VIII, Ctenobranchia, Aspidobranchia, and Scaphopoda, p. 493656 (1947); 142-I, Pt. Visual detection of event number on the spectrogram was higher for swimming and displacement than for expulsion and closure. Vol. H. triquetra, a nontoxic dinoflagellate commonly observed in the environment, was used as the control diet for the experiment. We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser. A 2-days control (i.e. The organism at point C was ___________. In our study, the valve gape of expulsion was significantly different between the two algal treatments at the higher concentration. Using an electronic digital computer, data were subjected to univariate and bivariate analyses, and samples were compared using machine-plotted, bivariate scatter diagrams, reduced major axes, and other graphical techniques. These fossils are from the Miocene epoch, between 5 and 25 million years old. Passive acoustics presents many advantages compared to accelerometry, as it results in no stress for the animal due to handling and it can be performed on a large number of individuals and on mobile species. Harmful algal blooms often begin in spring when winter storms are over and the sea calmer. Genetic distances between these species were estimated using both allozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA . Microalgae concentrations were determined using a Nageotte cell under a light microscope. Field Trip, Apr. outcrops, South Carolina, Stratigraphy of the Neogene deposits, lower Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, Paleoecology of the Choctawhatchee deposits, Jackson Bluff, Florida, Invertebrate megafossils of the Belvedere expedition to the Gulf of California, Estuaries and lagoons in relation to continental shelves, Estuaries: Washington, D.C., Am. The sound data were analysed in terms of the number of visible higher energy events compared to the surrounding background noise. However, when A. minutum was present at a concentration of 500 000 cells L-1, the bloom concentration recurrently observed in Brittany and especially in the Bay of Brest [5, 6], accelerometry and acoustics showed that scallops significantly increased their total number of valve movements by a factor of 2, compared when exposed to the control diet.
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